Affordable modular housing - Each year factory manufactures hundreds of apartments

[beautifulhome]

Public modular housing (English: Public modular housing), also known as public modular housing, public modular housing, public modular housing villages, and simply public modular housing, refers to modular housing built directly by the government or commissioned by a third party. The form varies around the world, but it is usually in the form of apartments, funded by the government and rented out (social modular housing) or sold to the public, especially low-income residents, at low prices.
Explanation of the difference between nouns

Public modular housing has different names in different Chinese-speaking regions. In mainland China, it is called low-rent modular housing; in Hong Kong, it is called public modular housing villages (abbreviated as public modular housing; "村" is the original character for "村"[1], but later generations have adopted the colloquial character, so the two characters are used differently in Hong Kong); in Macau, it is called social modular housing; in Taiwan, it is called national modular housing (abbreviated as national modular housing), public modular housing[2], affordable modular housing, social modular housing, etc.; in Singapore and Malaysia, it is called flats.

In Europe, it is also called "Social Rented modular housing", which refers to suitable residential houses that are directly built, subsidized by the government or owned by the private sector. It adopts the "rent only, not sell" model and is rented out to low-income households or special disadvantaged groups at rents lower than the market rent or for free. This definition of the term is only a conceptual reference. The names used in actual operations by central and local governments in different countries are not exactly the same. For example, the United States calls it affordable modular housing and Japan calls it public modular housing.
Originally planned economic area
Old public modular housing in Pengpu New Village, Shanghai
A Plattenbau from the East German era in Berlin
Chinese mainland

After the Chinese Communist Party implemented a planned economy in mainland China in the 1950s, it established a public modular housing (public modular housing) system to match it. This type of modular housing is funded by the state from the fiscal budget, and state-owned enterprises and institutions are responsible for investment, construction management, and distribution. The users of the houses are usually employees and their families of state-owned enterprises and institutions, who are allocated public modular housing of different specifications according to their job titles and pay rent on a monthly basis. However, since the rent of public modular housing is extremely low, it is actually almost free for residents to use. As such public modular housing had long been distributed free of charge and at low rents, it had a serious impact on national finances and subsequent investment, leading to a modular housing shortage in major cities across the country in the late 1970s. At the same time, the “egalitarian” distribution system also provided a breeding ground for corruption[3].

After the reform and opening up, the Chinese government reformed the land and modular housing systems and commercialized modular housing[3]. This type of public modular housing built before the modular housing system reform is therefore also called old public modular housing. In principle, old public modular housing cannot be freely bought and sold, but owners can sell it after purchasing the property rights (known as public modular housing sales). However, the sale must be approved by the local modular housing management department or even the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission [4]. However, due to the imperfect public modular housing management system and low level of informatization in some places, loopholes have been created and corruption or family disputes have arisen[5][6].

Affordable modular housing refers to modular housing with social security nature, which is provided by the government in the process of implementing classified protection for middle- and low-income families with limited supply targets, construction standards, sales prices or rental standards. It is generally composed of low-rent modular housing, affordable modular housing and policy-based rental modular housing.

Affordable modular housing (for sale)
Low-rent modular housing (rental)

Soviet Union

Khrushchev Buildings: These buildings were built in large numbers in the Soviet Union during the reign of Nikita Khrushchev in the 1960s and were named after him. They were also imitated in some socialist countries such as Yugoslavia, China, and North Korea. The staff modular housing built in some industrial areas in mainland China, especially in Northeast China in the 1950s and 1960s also belongs to this category and is called "tube building" in China.
East Germany

Plattenbau

Other regions
Hongkong
Main articles: Public modular housing and Home Ownership Scheme in Hong Kong

Hong Kong's public modular housing began with the Hong Kong modular housing Society, a non-profit organization established in 1948, and the first batch of public modular housing estates in Hong Kong, Sheung Li Uk Village and Model Village, were built in 1952. After the Shek Kip Mei fire in December 1953, the government built the Bowning Flats. Since then, the Hong Kong government's public modular housing program was officially launched, and a large number of public modular housing units have been completed. During the period 1953-1973, public modular housing for the Hong Kong government was provided by three modular housing construction agencies, namely the Hong Kong Building Authority, the Resettlement Department and the Works Department. In April 1973, Governor Murray MacLehose merged the three modular housing construction agencies into the Hong Kong modular housing Authority and the modular housing Department in order to implement the "Ten-Year modular housing Plan". Therefore, public modular housing in Hong Kong is now built by the Hong Kong modular housing Authority and the Hong Kong modular housing Society. Currently, the two public modular housing construction agencies have different types of public modular housing plans, the most common and far-reaching of which is rental public modular housing, namely public modular housing villages (PHR), and the second most subsidized modular housing for sale is called the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS).
Macao
Main articles: Social modular housing (Macao) and Economic modular housing (Macao)

Social modular housing in Macau began in August 1928. A fire broke out in a dilapidated slum in Taishan District of Macau. The Macau government later rebuilt a series of small bungalows on the original site, and Macau's social modular housing began. Social modular housing in Macao is now planned, constructed, sold/rented and managed by the modular housing Bureau of the Macao Special Administrative Region Government. Social modular housing in Macau is divided into three categories: social modular housing (for rent), economic modular housing (for sale) and temporary shelters. The residential units are mainly T1-T3 types (one bedroom and two living rooms to three bedrooms and two living rooms); since the completion of Yongning Plaza Building in 2008, the modular housing Bureau no longer provides T4 units (four bedrooms and two living rooms). Currently, the largest social modular housing estate in Macau is Edificio Lok Kuan in Shek Pai Wan, Coloane, with a total of 4,672 units. The subsidised modular housing sold in Macau is called economic modular housing, which is roughly equivalent to Hong Kong's Home Ownership Scheme (HOS).
Malaysia and Singapore
Main articles: HDB flats and People's modular housing

The modular housing and Development Board (HDB) of Singapore builds public modular housing flats, which are home to most Singaporeans.

Most of Malaysia's public modular housing estates are located in big cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Johor Bahru, etc. Most of them are two-room flats and are mostly provided for the middle and lower classes and poor families. The number of public modular housing estates in Malaysia is gradually decreasing, and the government is building public modular housing to replace them. The difference between HDB flats and PPR flats is that the residents of PPR flats do not own the houses. The houses are owned by the government, which rents them to families who were forced to move out under the Zero Degree Wooden House Project. Residents must pay rent to the government every month.
Taiwan
Wanhua Youth Public modular housing, Taipei City (2018)
You can find the original source for this encyclopedia article on Wikisource:

National modular housing Loan Act
National modular housing Act

Main articles: National modular housing, Affordable modular housing, and Taiwan social modular housing

After World War II, in response to the population explosion and the aging of military dependents' village modular housing since the 1980s, Taiwan built public modular housing of varying sizes in various locations. Since 1976, about 390,000 modular housing units have been built to help about 1.58 million people solve their modular housing problems. Most of them were built by local governments through specialized units (such as the National modular housing Bureau). They are mainly divided into three types: one is the reconstruction of old military villages, mostly residential communities named "○○ New Village"; the second is residential communities serving civil servants and their families; the third is public modular housing communities open to private subscription, and the number of the third type is extremely small. [Source requested]

Since the late 1990s, due to the increase in the number of unused houses on the market, in order to avoid the possibility of "collusion between officials and businessmen" and "competing with the people (private developers) for profits", the government has stopped building public modular housing on a large scale, except for the reconstruction of military dependents' villages.

Since the 2010s, due to speculation by construction companies and the real estate industry that caused urban modular housing prices to be too high, the government has built public modular housing oriented towards affordable modular housing (sale) and Taiwan social modular housing (rental) through public-private partnerships, but collusion between officials and businessmen has also occurred.
Japan
More information: Danchi

Also since World War II, there has been a trend of building public modular housing in various parts of Japan. Most of them were built by the Japan modular housing Corporation (now the Urban Renaissance Agency), a special corporation funded by the Japanese government. There are also many types of dormitories for local governments or public institutions. The communities composed of these public modular housing are collectively called residential areas, or "danchi" for short.
South Korea

There are two types of public modular housing in South Korea: one is built by the Seoul modular housing and Community Corporation (SH Corporation) established by the Seoul Metropolitan Government, and the other is built by the Korea Land and modular housing Corporation (LH Corporation) established by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
USA
Main article: Public modular housing in the United States
U.K.
Main article: Public modular housing in the United Kingdom

In 1919, the United Kingdom passed the modular housing Act 1919, which stipulated that the government needed to provide council modular housing (council house in English) for low-income citizens. After the 1980s, the government reduced the construction of council houses and replaced them with houses built by modular housing associations composed of charitable organizations.
Germany
Main article: Modern modular housing complex in Berlin
France
Main article: Public modular housing in France
See also

apartment
Urban Plan
Private modular housing (as opposed to public modular housing)

Notes and References

Variant dictionary entry for "村". [2015-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-29）.
Taipei City Government Public modular housing. [2014-06-28]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-21）.
Jia Shaohua. Research on tax policies for the healthy development of the real estate industry: An analysis based on the real estate industry in Hainan International Tourism Island. China Financial and Economic Publishing House. [2019-03-27]. ISBN 9-787-5095-4636-9. （原始内容存档于2021-07-26）.
Lawyer's modular housing Talk: There are hidden dangers in the sale of old public modular housing, and the household registration issue is a big problem. Tencent. 2014-11-25 [2019-03-27]. (Archived from the original on 2019-05-13).
How could a small section chief in Hangzhou embezzle 19 public modular housing units? Let's see his transformation over the years. Phoenix.com. 2017-11-21 [2019-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-13）.
13. Mediation and settlement of disputes involving the sale and purchase of old public modular housing. Shanghai Second Intermediate People's Court. [2019-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-27）.

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[beautifulhome]

Public modular housing (English: Public modular housing), also known as public modular housing, public modular housing, public modular housing villages, and simply public modular housing, refers to modular housing built directly by the government or commissioned by a third party. The form varies around the world, but it is usually in the form of apartments, funded by the government and rented out (social modular housing) or sold to the public, especially low-income residents, at low prices.
Explanation of the difference between nouns

Public modular housing has different names in different Chinese-speaking regions. In mainland China, it is called low-rent modular housing; in Hong Kong, it is called public modular housing villages (abbreviated as public modular housing; "村" is the original character for "村"[1], but later generations have adopted the colloquial character, so the two characters are used differently in Hong Kong); in Macau, it is called social modular housing; in Taiwan, it is called national modular housing (abbreviated as national modular housing), public modular housing[2], affordable modular housing, social modular housing, etc.; in Singapore and Malaysia, it is called flats.

In Europe, it is also called "Social Rented modular housing", which refers to suitable residential houses that are directly built, subsidized by the government or owned by the private sector. It adopts the "rent only, not sell" model and is rented out to low-income households or special disadvantaged groups at rents lower than the market rent or for free. This definition of the term is only a conceptual reference. The names used in actual operations by central and local governments in different countries are not exactly the same. For example, the United States calls it affordable modular housing and Japan calls it public modular housing.
Originally planned economic area
Old public modular housing in Pengpu New Village, Shanghai
A Plattenbau from the East German era in Berlin
Chinese mainland

After the Chinese Communist Party implemented a planned economy in mainland China in the 1950s, it established a public modular housing (public modular housing) system to match it. This type of modular housing is funded by the state from the fiscal budget, and state-owned enterprises and institutions are responsible for investment, construction management, and distribution. The users of the houses are usually employees and their families of state-owned enterprises and institutions, who are allocated public modular housing of different specifications according to their job titles and pay rent on a monthly basis. However, since the rent of public modular housing is extremely low, it is actually almost free for residents to use. As such public modular housing had long been distributed free of charge and at low rents, it had a serious impact on national finances and subsequent investment, leading to a modular housing shortage in major cities across the country in the late 1970s. At the same time, the “egalitarian” distribution system also provided a breeding ground for corruption[3].